One god, many wars: religious dimensions of armed conflict in the middle east and north africa10/8/2023 ![]() Scott (2002) “History in the Fundamentalist Imagination”, Journal of American History, 89 (2): 498–511.Īvalos, Hector (2005) Fighting Words: The Origin of Religious Violence, New York: Prometheus Books.īBC (2013 December 19) “Sunnis and Shiite in the Middle East”,, retrieved on 29 March 2018.īBC (2017 December 6) “Jerusalem: Trump Recognition ‘Kiss of Death’ for Peace”, from, retrieved on 30 March 2018.īeeman, William O. Scott (2000) The Ambivalence of the Sacred: Religion, Violence, and Reconciliation, New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.Īppleby, R. The conflicts between the United States and other countries, specifically the Arab world, are the struggle between Christianity and Islam for global hegemony.Ībdo, Geneive (2013) The New Sectarianism: The Arab Uprisings and the Rebirth of the Shiite–Sunni Divide, Brookings, SD: Saban Center for Middle East Policy Paper.Ībdo, Geneive (2017) The New Sectarianism: The Arab Uprisings and the Rebirth of the Shiite–Sunni Divide, New York: Oxford University Press.Īppleby, R. These countries were alleged with possessing weapons of mass destruction. In 2002, Bush declared preemptive attack on “axis of evil”, namely, Iraq, Iran and North Korea. As al-Qaeda was believed to set a base in Afghanistan, the United States led the war in Afghanistan in 2001. ![]() The United States joined with the Western allies to defeat and destroy Osama bin Laden, al-Qaeda and other terrorist organizations around the world. He anticipated “Holy War” with War on Terrorism, 9 days after the September 11 attack in 2001. ![]() ![]() ![]() During his presidency between 20, Bush intended to exemplify Christian values at home and aboard and divide the world into good and evil. He developed a faith-based American policy (Smith 2006). He proclaimed the United States as the world superpower. ![]()
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